{"id":2394,"date":"2021-08-18T18:16:37","date_gmt":"2021-08-18T18:16:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wp.cov19longhaulfoundation.org\/?p=2394"},"modified":"2021-08-18T18:16:37","modified_gmt":"2021-08-18T18:16:37","slug":"covid-19-and-autoimmune-diseases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cov19longhaulfoundation.org\/?p=2394","title":{"rendered":"COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Authors: Yu Liu<\/a>,a<\/sup>Amr H. Sawalha<\/a>,b<\/sup>\u00a0and\u00a0Qianjin Lu<\/a>a,c<\/sup>Author information Copyright and License information<\/a> Disclaimer<\/a> This article has been\u00a0cited by<\/a>\u00a0other articles in PMC.<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Abstract<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Purpose of review<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between infection with SARS-CoV-2 and autoimmunity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Recent findings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although most of the infected individuals are asymptomatic, a proportion of patients with COVID-19 develop severe disease with multiple organ injuries. Evidence suggests that some medications used to treat autoimmune rheumatologic diseases might have therapeutic effect in patients with severe COVID-19 infections, drawing attention to the relationship between COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases. COVID-19 shares similarities with autoimmune diseases in clinical manifestations, immune responses and pathogenic mechanisms. Robust immune reactions participate in the pathogenesis of both disease conditions. Autoantibodies as a hallmark of autoimmune diseases can also be detected in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, some patients have been reported to develop autoimmune diseases, such as Guillain–Barr\u00e9 syndrome or systemic lupus erythematosus, after COVID-19 infection. It is speculated that SARS-CoV-2 can disturb self-tolerance and trigger autoimmune responses through cross-reactivity with host cells. The infection risk and prognosis of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune diseases remains controversial, but patient adherence to medication regimens to prevent autoimmune disease flares is strongly recommended.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Summary<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

We present a review of the association between COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases, focusing on similarities in immune responses, cross-reactivity of SARS-CoV-2, the development of autoimmune diseases in COVID-19 patients and the risk of COVID-19 infection in patients with preexisting autoimmune conditions.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

INTRODUCTION<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Since December 2019, a novel infection named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) broke out in Wuhan, China, and has been sweeping across the globe. COVID-19 was officially declared a pandemic by WHO on 11 March 2020 [1<\/a>]. The disease is caused by a newly identified strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) associated coronavirus, which was named SARS-CoV-2 after SARS-CoV that caused the epidemic of SARS in 2002 [2<\/a>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the coronavirus family, which are enveloped viruses with a spherical morphology and a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome [3<\/a>]. The spike glycoproteins (S protein) cross through the peplos of the virus and form a crown-like surface [4<\/a>]. Through the receptor binding domain (RBD) located in the S1 subunit of the S protein, the virus can ligate to the host cell receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and invade into the cell [5<\/a>\u20137<\/a>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In many cases, hosts infected by SARS-CoV-2 present with flu-like symptoms, such as fever, fatigue and dry cough. Headache, myalgia, sore throat, nausea and diarrhoea can also be seen in patients with COVID-19 [8<\/a>,9<\/a>]. Shortness of breath and hypoxemia occur in severe cases. In critical cases, the disease progresses rapidly and patients can develop septic shock and multiorgan dysfunction [10<\/a>]. As such, COVID-19 can be a systemic disease affecting multiple organ systems, including the skin, kidneys, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, nervous system and haematological system [11<\/a>]. The dysregulated immune response and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by SARS-CoV-2 contribute to the disease pathogenesis and organ damage, which brought attention to immune-regulatory therapy in the treatment of COVID-19 [12<\/a>]. Medications used to treat autoimmune diseases are widely used in critical cases of COVID-19 [13<\/a>]. Further, some autoantibodies can be detected in patients with COVID-19 [14<\/a>]. These observations suggest that examining pathways known to contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity might provide clues to better understand and treat COVID-19.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For More Information: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7880581\/<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Authors: Yu Liu,aAmr H. Sawalha,b\u00a0and\u00a0Qianjin Lua,cAuthor information Copyright and License information Disclaimer This article has been\u00a0cited by\u00a0other articles in PMC. Abstract Purpose of review The aim of this study was […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2395,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[979,703,836,422,500],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2394","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-antibody-immune-system","category-autoimmune-disease","category-immune-system","category-pathology","category-rheumatology-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cov19longhaulfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2394","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cov19longhaulfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cov19longhaulfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cov19longhaulfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cov19longhaulfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2394"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cov19longhaulfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2394\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cov19longhaulfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2395"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cov19longhaulfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2394"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cov19longhaulfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2394"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cov19longhaulfoundation.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2394"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}