Authors: Amirpouyan Namavarian, MD, 1 Anas Eid, BMSc, 2 Hedyeh Ziai, MD, 1 Emily YiQin Cheng, BSc, 3 and Danny Enepekides, MD, MSc, FRCSC Laryngoscope. 2022 Aug 8 : 10.1002/lary.30333. doi: 10.1002/lary.30333
Abstract
Objective
Several cases of facial nerve paralysis (FNP) post‐COVID‐19 infection have been reported with varying presentations and management. This study aims to identify FNP clinical characteristics and recovery outcomes among patients acutely infected with COVID‐19. We hypothesize that FNP is a potentially unique sequalae associated with COVID‐19 infections.
Methods
A systematic review of PubMed‐Medline, OVID Embase, and Web of Science databases from inception to November 2021 was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines.
Results
This search identified 630 studies with 53 meeting inclusion criteria. This resulted in 72 patients, of which 30 (42%) were diagnosed with Guillain‐Barré Syndrome (GBS). Non‐GBS patients were on average younger (36 vs. 53 years) and more likely to present with unilateral FNP (88%) compared to GBS patients who presented predominantly with bilateral FNP (74%). Among non‐GBS patients, majority (70%) of FNP presented a median of 8 [IQR 10] days after the onset of initial COVID‐19 symptom(s). Treatment for non‐GBS patients consisted of steroids (60%), antivirals (29%), antibiotics (21%), and no treatment (21%). Complete FNP recovery in non‐GBS patients was achieved in 67% patients within a median of 11 [IQR 24] days.
Conclusion
FNP is a possible presentation post COVID‐19 infections, associated with both GBS and non‐GBS patients. Although no causation can be assumed, the clinical course of isolated FNP associated with COVID‐19 raises the possibility of a unique presentation differing from Bell’s palsy, seen with higher proportion of patients developing bilateral FNP and a shorter duration to complete recovery. Laryngoscope, 2022
Keywords: Bell’s palsy, COVID‐19, facial nerve, paralysis
Abstract
Several cases of facial nerve paralysis (FNP) post‐COVID‐19 infection have been reported. This study aims to identify FNP clinical characteristics and recovery outcomes among patients acutely infected with COVID‐19. A systematic review of databases was performed resulting in 53 included studies and a total of 72 patients, of which 30 (42%) were diagnosed with Guillain‐Barré Syndrome (GBS). Among non‐GBS patients, 70% of FNP presented a median of 8 days after the onset of initial COVID‐19 symptom(s). Complete FNP recovery in non‐GBS patients was achieved in 67% patients within a median of 11 days. Although no causation can be assumed, the clinical course of isolated FNP associated with COVID‐19 raises the possibility of a unique presentation differing from Bell’s palsy, seen with higher proportion of patients developing bilateral FNP and a shorter duration to complete recovery.
INTRODUCTION
Facial nerve paralysis/palsy (FNP) is a debilitating condition with significant morbidity associated with functional and psychological implications. 1 Although the etiology of FNP is broad, viral‐associated Bell’s palsy is thought to be the most prevalent contributor. 2 Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Varicella zoster virus (VZV) are known contributors in the development of Bell’s Palsy in the pediatric and adult population. 3 , 4 Since the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic, FNP incidence has increased and there has been a suggested association with COVID‐19 infections. 5 , 6 , 7 , 8
Many neurological symptoms have been reported in patients infected with COVID‐19 including anosmia, ageusia, myalgia, paraplegias, and facial palsy among others. 9 , 10 FNP has been described by numerous studies as an outcome of COVID‐19, either as an isolated symptom in patients who have otherwise been asymptomatic or in combination with other COVID‐19 symptoms. 6 , 11 Guillain‐Barré Syndrome (GBS), an autoimmune polyneuropathy, is linked to viral infections including Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), VZV, human immunodeficiency virus, and influenza among others. 12 GBS has also been described by numerous case reports as a sequelae of COVID‐19 infections, with many reported cases of FNP. 13 The mechanism of GBS is believed to involve an aberrant immune response resulting in nerve trauma secondary to inappropriate complement activation and inflammatory mediators. 14
The current literature highlights facial paralysis in COVID‐19 infected patients including both adult and pediatric cohorts. Although many case reports have described the presence of acute facial paralysis in COVID‐19 patients, to date, there is no comprehensive systematic review on these patients. The objective of this study is to identify FNP clinical characteristics and recovery outcomes among patients acutely infected with COVID‐19 (confirmed by a positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT‐PCR]). We hypothesize that FNP is a potentially unique sequalae associated with COVID‐19 infections. In this systematic review, we summarize the current literature on the presentations of facial nerve paralysis in COVID‐19 patients and describe the management of these patients with the aim of providing guidance for future practitioners on these patients’ clinical diagnosis and management.
METHODS
Search Strategy
This systematic review was completed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Fig. 1). The search strategy was conducted using Ovid Embase, PubMed‐Medline, CINAHL and Web of Science databases from inception to November 2021. The database search was done by two reviewers (a.e./a.n.). Keywords and medical subject headings (MeSH) included facial, facial nerve, peripheral facial nerve, paralysis, paresis, palsy, droop, impair*, Bell’s palsy, weakness, disease, movement, COVID‐19, coronavirus, covid, and SARS‐CoV‐2. The exact search details used for all databases are found in Table S1.
PRISMA flow diagram. aTwo studies were included after a screen of the citations from the papers during the eligibility phase. RT‐PCR = reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at www.laryngoscope.com.]
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Inclusion criteria consisted of studies reporting FNP in adult and/or pediatric patients actively infected with COVID‐19. This was defined as a positive COVID‐19 RT‐PCR result. There was no comparator and the outcomes recorded included study design, patient demographic, and FNP clinical characteristics and recovery outcome. Published original studies including case reports, randomized controlled trials, prospective, or retrospective observational studies, cross‐sectional and case–control trials since journal inception were included. Patients with non‐active COVID‐19 infections (i.e., negative RT‐PCR results) despite positive serology (positive immunoglobulin G) were excluded. Furthermore, papers published in a non‐English language or non‐peer reviewed publications (abstracts, conference posters, reviews, letters to editors, and editorials) were also excluded.
Data Extraction and Analysis
The search titles and abstracts were independently screened by two reviewers (a.e./a.n.) based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Complete manuscripts were retrieved and independently reviewed by the same two reviewers. If there were any disagreements in article selection between the two reviewers, these were resolved by consensus. If a disagreement persisted, a third reviewer was consulted (h.z.). All titles, abstracts, and full texts screening were completed using Covidence (version 1501). Cross‐checking of the included articles and relevant reviews, as well as a manual web search was conducted for unidentified articles. Extracted data included study design, study population demographics, and clinical characteristics. Information regarding FNP onset, laterality, House‐Brackmann (HB) score, associated symptoms, investigations, treatments, and outcomes was extracted. Patients in studies that did not report HB score were assigned a score by the reviewers based on the described clinical presentation and HB scale by the reviewers when possible. 15 Similarly, if there was any disagreement between the two reviewers, a third reviewer was consulted.
Risk of Bias Assessment
The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist for case reports and case series assessment tools were used to appraise the quality of the studies. This was independently assessed by two authors (a.e. and e.c.). Discrepancies were resolved by consensus or by involving a third author (a.n.). The quality of the studies was quantified according to the assessment tools and a final quality rating of “Good,” “Fair,” or “Poor” was given (Table S2A and B). For case reports, “Good” was defined as at least 6 out of 8 criteria met, “Fair” as 4 or 5 criteria met, and “Poor” as 3 or less criteria met. For case series, “Good” was defined as at least 7 out of 10 criteria met, “Fair” as 5 or 6 criteria met, and “Poor” as 4 or less criteria met.
Statistical Analysis
Descriptive statistics were computed for all variables. Categorical variables were reported as unweighted frequencies and percentages. Continuous variables were reported as medians and interquartile range (IQR). Subgroup analysis was performed based on GBS status. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 27.0 was used for all statistical analyses.
RESULTS
Study Selection
Our search identified 1064 studies. After duplicates were removed, a total of 630 studies were reviewed for initial screening. Fifty‐two studies met our inclusion, and two studies were found during our screen of citations listed in our included papers. A total of 54 studies were included (Fig. 1), resulting in 73 patients. 5 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 The characteristics of each study can be found in Table S3.
Clinical Features: Non‐GBS Versus GBS Patients
The clinical presentations are summarized in Table I. Forty‐two percent of patients presented with FNP in the context of GBS. Patients without GBS were younger than those with GBS (36 vs. 54 years, respectively). Additionally, more non‐GBS patients presented with unilateral FNP compared to those with GBS (88% vs. 26%, respectively). Furthermore, non‐GBS patients had a shorter delay to FNP onset (median [IQR]; 8 [10] days) from the onset of initial COVID‐19 symptoms compared to GBS patients (16 [11] days).
TABLE I
Overall Study Demographics and FNP Clinical Presentations.
| Non‐GBS (n = 42) | GBS (n = 30) | |
|---|---|---|
| Patients (%) | 58 | 42 |
| Age (years), median [IQR] | 36 [22] | 54 [23] |
| Male, n (%) | 19 (49) | 21 (70) |
| Onset of FNP relative to COVID‐19 symptoms, n (%) | ||
| Only FNP | 4 (11) | 0 |
| Before or concurrent | 7 (19) | 2 (6.8) |
| After | 26 (70) | 27 (93.1) |
| Days from initial symptoms to onset of FNP, median [IQR] | 8 [10] | 16 [11] |
| Unilateral FNP, n (%) | 37 (88) | 7 (25.9) |
| Degree of FNP, median [IQR] | 3 [2] | 4.5 [3] |
| Complete recovery of FNP achieved, n (%) | 20 (67) | 4 (13.3) |
| Days to complete recovery of FNP, median | 11 [24] | 30 |
FNP = facial nerve paralysis; GBS = Guillain‐Barré Syndrome; IQR = interquartile range.
Thirty‐two studies reported the severity of the FNP using the House‐Brackmann scale, the median grade was 3 [IQR 2] and 4.5 [3] for non‐GBS and GBS patients, respectively.
Of the COVID‐19 symptoms, the most reported were fever (36% and 60% in non‐GBS and GBS patients, respectively) and cough (32% and 63% in non‐GBS and GBS patients, respectively). When considering neurological symptoms in patients with COVID‐19 other than FNP, impairments in taste function (e.g., ageusia, hypogeusia or dysgeusia) were most reported (10% in non‐GBS vs. 37% in GBS) followed by impairments in olfaction (8% and 23% in non‐GBS and GBS patients, respectively). The detailed distribution of symptoms associated with COVID‐19 is found in Table II.
TABLE II
Patient Symptoms.
| Symptom | Non‐GBS (n = 42), n (%) | GBS (n = 30), n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Non‐neurologic | ||
| Fever | 10 (36) | 18 (60) |
| Cough | 9 (32) | 19 (63.3) |
| Myalgia | 8 (29) | 5 (16.7) |
| Dyspnea | 5 (18) | 7 (23.3) |
| Fatigue | 3 (11) | 5 (16.7) |
| Neurologic | ||
| Anosmia or hyposmia | 3 (8) | 7 (23.3) |
| Ageusia, hypogeusia, dysgeusia | 4 (10) | 11 (36.7) |
| Dysarthria | 0 | 4 (13.3) |
| Dysphagia | 0 | 4 (13.3) |
| Odynophagia | 1 (3) | 1 (3.3) |
| Diplopia | 1 (3) | 3 (10) |
GBS = Guillain‐Barré Syndrome.
When considering the distribution of non‐neurological COVID‐19 symptoms based on patient GBS status, more GBS patients presented with a cough compared to non‐GBS patients (63% vs. 32%, respectively) (Table II). More GBS presented with taste dysfunction (37% vs. 10%), dysarthria (13% vs. 0%), and dysphagia (13% vs. 0%) compared with non‐GBS patients.
Imaging
The distribution of utilized imaging investigations is shown in Table S3. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 36 patients, all of which reported no structural pathology contributing to their FNP (i.e., retro cochlear or middle ear pathology).
Treatment
A summary of the management is shown in Table III. The non‐GBS patients were most frequently treated with steroids (n = 25, 60%), followed by antivirals (n = 12, 29%), antibiotics (n = 9, 21%), symptom management/no treatment (n = 9, 21%), intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) (n = 4, 10%), hydroxychloroquine (n = 4, 10%), and physiotherapy (n = 2, 5%). On the other hand, patients with GBS were most treated with IVIG (n = 24, 80%), followed by hydroxychloroquine (n = 12, 43%), plasmapheresis (n = 8, 27%), steroids (n = 7, 23%), antivirals (n = 6, 21%), antibiotics (n = 6, 21%), and physiotherapy (n = 1, 3%).
TABLE III
Patient Management.
| Treatment | Non‐GBS (%) | GBS (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Steroids | 25 (60) | 7 (23.3) |
| Antivirals | 12 (29) | 6 (21.4) |
| Antibiotics | 9 (21) | 6 (21.4) |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 4 (10) | 12 (42.9) |
| IVIG | 4 (10) | 24 (80) |
| Plasmapheresis | 0 | 8 (26.7) |
| Physiotherapy | 2 (5) | 1 (3.3) |
| No treatment | 9 (21) | 0 |
GBS = Guillain‐Barré Syndrome; IVIG = intravenous immunoglobulins.
Recovery Outcomes: Non‐GBS Versus GBS
More patients presenting without GBS had complete recovery of their FNP symptoms compared to those with GBS (67% vs. 13% respectively; Table I). Among those with complete recovery in the non‐GBS group, the majority (80%) did not have any additional neurological symptoms, whereas a minority (20%) had further cranial nerve involvement. Fifty‐three percent (n = 8) of those 15 patients treated with steroids in the non‐GBS group completely recovered within 60 days. In contrast, only 15% (n = 2/13) of the GBS patients treated with IVIG achieved complete FNP recovery within 44 days. There was insufficient data on steroid therapy among GBS patients to compare outcomes to non‐GBS patients.
DISCUSSION
This systematic review summarizes FNP in the context of COVID‐19 infections highlighting patients with systemic autoimmune pathology of GBS and isolated FNP (non‐GBS). Most patients had moderate FNP as graded on the HB scale. Of the reported non‐neurological COVID‐19 symptoms, the most common were fever and cough. Patients with and without GBS during COVID‐19 infections presented and progressed with FNP differently, with GBS patients typically presenting with a delayed onset, more severe FNP, and worse facial nerve outcomes. Additionally, the clinical course of isolated FNP associated with COVID‐19 appears to differ from typical Bell’s palsy. Non‐GBS FNP patients had a shorter duration to complete recovery and a higher proportion of bilateral FNP compared to Bell’s palsy patients. This suggests that we may be observing an etiology different than Bell’s palsy patients with differing presentation and prognosis.
Patients diagnosed with GBS were on average older than non‐GBS patients and the duration from the onset of COVID‐19 symptoms to the manifestation of FNP differed considerably between the GBS and non‐GBS diagnosed subgroups. The most common treatments for non‐GBS patients consisted of steroids, antivirals, and antibiotics. Complete recovery of FNP in non‐GBS patients was achieved in over two thirds of patients within an average of under 3 weeks. In contrast, only 17% of GBS patients achieved complete recovery of FNP within an average of over a month.
Clinical Presentation
The initial COVID‐19 symptoms including cough, fever, and dyspnea can be challenging to interpret as they are similar to common upper respiratory tract infections. With the advent of COVID‐19, clinical suspicion of these symptoms has become increasingly recognized and should also be considered when taking a history from a patient presenting with acute FNP. In the context of known viral etiologies related to FNP, COVID‐19 infected patients presented differently. For example, when evaluating the non‐GBS patient category, most patients with FNP after COVID‐19 infection (70%) presented on average 9 days (1–20 days) after the onset of initial COVID‐19 symptom(s). In comparison, FNP secondary to Ramsay Hunt syndrome typically presents either before or concurrently with the typical manifestations including VZV blisters. 64 , 65
In terms of laterality, bilateral FNP is an extremely rare clinical manifestation of Bell’s palsy, accounting for only up to 2% of these patients. 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 In comparison, a larger proportion (12%) of the isolated FNP patients in this review presented with bilateral FNP. This may be explained by the potentially greater inflammatory impact of the COVID‐19 virus on the facial nerve that has been previously hypothesized. 6 In our study, approximately 75% of the GBS patients presented with bilateral FNP which was higher than non‐GBS patients. Unlike Bell’s palsy, GBS has systemic involvement, more severe symptoms, and highly variable clinical course and outcome. 70
Lastly, a small minority (11%) of the non‐GBS patients presented with FNP as either their presenting or sole symptom of COVID‐19 during an active infection. These findings highlight the importance of considering COVID‐19 infection in the differential diagnosis when evaluating patients with isolated FNP symptoms who may otherwise be asymptomatic. An RT‐PCR for COVID‐19 may be considered in an infectious work‐up of patients presenting with isolated FNP.
Treatments and Outcomes
The most common treatment for non‐GBS patients consisted of steroids, antivirals, and/or antibiotics. Twenty percent of patients had no treatment. According to the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) and the American Academy of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Foundation (AAO‐HNSF), the treatment of Bell’s palsy primarily focuses on the use of corticosteroids and advises against the routine use of antiviral therapy. 71 , 72 , 73 However, previous studies have shown that treatment of FNP from Bell’s palsy and RHS with acyclovir and prednisone leads to better outcomes. 74 , 75 Half of those treated with steroids and half of patients treated with antiviral therapy had complete recovery within 60 days. Among our non‐GBS patients, there were no differences in outcomes between prednisone monotherapy and the combination therapy with antivirals.
Our findings suggest that patients with GBS who develop FNP were more likely to develop severe presentations and were more prone to worse clinical outcomes. Patients presenting with FNP in the context of GBS were most treated with IVIG, followed by hydroxychloroquine, plasmapheresis, and/or steroids. The first line treatments for GBS are plasma exchange or IVIG therapy which should be initiated within 7 and 14 days of symptom onset, respectively, to hasten recovery. 76 In contrast, corticosteroids are not recommended for the treatment of GBS, as several clinical trials have shown no benefit in recovery outcomes compared to placebo. 77 This could explain why steroids were much less commonly used in our GBS patients compared to plasmapheresis and IVIG. Importantly, patients presenting with GBS and FNP were over three times less likely to have complete recovery of FNP compared to non‐GBS patients. This can be explained by the systemic involvement of GBS with more severe symptoms, and highly variable clinical course and outcome. 70
When comparing patients with Bell’s palsy, FNP associated with COVID‐19 infection appeared to have a shorter time to complete recovery. Complete recovery of FNP in non‐GBS patients was achieved in over two thirds of patients within almost 20 days with and without treatments. Previous studies on the natural history of Bell’s palsy have suggested that approximately 85% of patients begin to experience some recovery of their FNP within the first 3 weeks. 71 However, complete recovery of Bell’s palsy with steroid treatment is typically seen in 3–9 months and our study was limited in terms of follow up duration. 78 In our non‐GBS cohort, complete recovery was achieved in the majority (62%) within the first 2 months.
Although our study did not identify any significant predictors of FNP outcomes related to treatment for COVID‐19 patients, this is likely due to the limited sample size, and is an area for future research.
Etiology
Infectious etiology of FNP has a broad differential. Presumed culprits include HSV, VZV, EBV, and Borrelia burgdorferi. With the advent of COVID‐19, our results suggest that the etiology of FNP in non‐GBS COVID‐19 patients is potentially novel.
COVID‐19 has been hypothesized to cause neurologic damage by two distinct mechanisms: (1) dissemination to the central nervous system by hematogenous spread or trans‐neuronally via cranial nerves causing direct neuronal damage due to viral neurotropism and (2) neuronal damage secondary to an abnormal immune‐mediated response. 6 , 79 The first is thought to be responsible for cranial nerve manifestations (e.g., hypogeusia, hyposmia, headache, and vertigo), whereas the latter mechanism is believed to result in severe complications and contribute to the development of dysimmune neuropathies like GBS. 13 , 80
Our findings indicate that among the non‐GBS patients, a suggestion can be made of an association between COVID‐19 and a clinical manifestation of FNP, although no causation can be assumed. Although the acute onset and age distribution of the non‐GBS patients present similarly to Bell’s palsy, the differences in clinical presentations and outcomes should be considered. The non‐GBS subgroup had a relatively shorter duration to complete recovery and a higher proportion of bilateral FNP compared to Bell’s palsy patients. 69 , 78
This study is not without limitations. Firstly, a full infectious work‐up to rule out other potential infectious causes of FNP was done in only 41% patients, although it was non‐contributory except for one patient who also had an active concurrent EBV infection. Secondly, there was variability in the length of follow‐up with the majority being 60 days or less and thus long‐term outcomes data are limited. Since the full recovery of Bell’s palsy typically occurs within a year, this limitation may be underestimating the recovery in our patients. Furthermore, we did not discuss treatment specific outcomes as we were unable to control for multiple patient specific variables and concurrent treatments. Another important limitation is that case reports and case series are more likely to report severe manifestations of COVID‐19. Therefore, the patients included in our study may not represent the complete spectrum of FNP associated COVID‐19, and instead could underestimate the true prevalence of mild, undifferentiated, or undiagnosed cases. Additionally, the onset of FNP was determined relative to patient awareness of related COVID‐19 symptom(s) which may have been non‐specific and may not have been accurately reported. Finally, since the completion of our literature search in November 2021, subsequent omicron and delta variants may not have been adequately represented in our results. Despite these limitations, this study is the first systematic review on patients with COVID‐19 and FNP and may help advance knowledge and guide management of these patients.
CONCLUSION
Although COVID‐19 symptoms are predominantly respiratory, emerging evidence has highlighted various neurologic manifestations associated with COVID‐19 infections. Our study highlights and delineates the presentations of FNP in the context of COVID‐19 for systemic conditions such as GBS as well as an isolated FNP. Systemic and isolated cases of FNP during COVID‐19 infections present and progress differently. Additionally, the clinical course of isolated FNP associated with COVID‐19 appears to differ from typical Bell’s palsy presentation and prognosis. This suggests that patients with COVID‐19 may have an atypical presentation of Bell’s palsy with a more severe initial presentation and a relatively better prognosis with higher propensity for complete recovery. This review suggests COVID‐19 infection may be associated with the development of a unique clinical manifestation of FNP. There is some literature associating FNP with COVID‐19, although a causal association cannot be definitively assumed. Our study may help future practitioners in identifying FNP as a possible sequela of COVID‐19 infection that may aid in the management of these patients.
Supporting information
Table S1. Database Search Algorithm.
Table S2A. Case Reports Risk of Bias Assessment.
Table S2B. Case Series Risk of Bias Assessment.
Table S3. Study Demographics
Click here for additional data file.(93K, docx)
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